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| Africathree main groups into which the population of Madagascar may be divided. They are short, of an olive-yellow complexion and have straight or faintly wavy hair. On the east coast are the Malagasy, who in physical characteristics stand halfway between the Hova and the Sakalava, the last occupying the remaining portion of the island and displaying almost pure Negroid characteristics. Though the Hova belong to a race naturally addicted to seafaring, the contrary is the case respecting the Negroid population, and the presence of the latter in the island has been explained by the supposition that they were imported by the Hova. Other authorities assign less antiquity to the Hova immigration and believe that they found the Negroid tribes already in occupation of the island. As might be expected, the culture found in Madagascar contains two elements, Negroid and Malayo-Indonesian. The first of these two shows certain affinities with the culture characteristic of the western area of Africa, such as rectangular huts, clothing of bark and palm-fibre, fetishism, &c., but cattle-breeding is found as well as agriculture. However, the Negroid tribes are more and more adopting the customs and mode of life of the Hova, among whom are found pile-houses, the sarong, yadi or tabu applied to food, a non-African form of bellows, &c., all characteristic of their original home. The Hova, during the 19th century, embraced Christianity, but retain, nevertheless, many of their old animistic beliefs; their original social organization in three classes, andriana or nobles, hova or freemen, and andevo or slaves, has been modified by the French, who have abolished kingship and slavery. An Arab infusion is also to be noticed, especially on the north-east and south-east coasts. It is impossible to give a complete list of the tribes inhabiting Africa, owing to the fact that the country is not fully explored. Even where the names of the tribes are known their ethnic relations are still a matter of uncertainty in many localities. The following list, therefore, must be regarded as purely tentative, and liable to correction in the light of fuller information:- AFRICAN TRIBAL DISTRIBUTION LIBYANS (North Africa, excluding Egypt) Berbers, including – Kabyles, Mzab, Shawia, Tuareg LIBYO-NEGROID TRANSITIONAL Fula (West Sudan) Tibbu (Central Sudan) HAMITES (East Sudan and Horn of Africa) Beja, including – Ababda, Hadendoa, Bisharin, Beni-Amer, Hamran, Galla, Somali, Danakil (Afar) Ba-Hima, including — Wa-Tussi, Wa-Hha, Wa-Rundi, Wa-Ruanda HAMITO-SEMITES Fellahin (Egypt) Abyssinians (with Negroid admixture) HAMITO-NEGROID TRANSITIONAL Masai Wa-Kuafi NEGROID TRIBES West Sudan Central Sudan Eastern Tukulor Songhai Fur Kargo Wolof Hausa Dago Kulfan Serer Bagirmi Kunjara Kolaji Leybu Kanembu Tegele Tumali Mandingo, including— Kanuri Nuba Kassonke Tama Yallonke Maba Zandeh Tribes Soninke Birkit (Akin to Nilotics, but Bambara Massalit probably with Fula Vei Korunga element) Susu Kabbaga Azandeh (Niam Niam) Solima &c. Makaraka Malinke Mundu Mangbettu Probably also— Ababwa Mossi Mege Borgu Abisanga Tombo } Mabode{ probably Gurma } Momfu { with Pygmy Gurunga } { element Dagomba } Probably with Mandingan element Allied are— Mampursi } Banziri Languassi Gonja } Ndris Wia-Wia &c. } Togbo Awaka &c. NEGROES West African Tribes Tribes of Tshi and Ga Tribes of Yeruba speech, including—- speech, including— Khabunke Balanta Ashanti Yoruba Bagnori Safwi Ibadan Bagnum Denkera Ketu Felup, including— Bekwai Egba Ayamat Nkoranza Jebu Jola Adansi Remo Jigush Assin Ode Vaca Wassaw Illorin Joat Ahanta Ijesa Karon Fanti Ondo Banyum Angona Mahin Banjar Akwapim Bini Fulum Akim Kakanda Bayot Akwamu Wari &c. Kwao Ibo Bujagos Ga Efik Biafare Andoni Landuman Tribes of Ewe speech, Kwa Nalu including— Ibibio Baga Ekoi Sape Dahomi Inokun Bulam Eweawo Akunakuim Mendi Agotine Munshi Limba Krepi Ikwe Gallina Avenor Timni Awuna Pessi Agbosomi Gola Aflao Kondo Ataklu Bassa Krikor Kru Geng Grebo Attaldoami Awekwom Aja Agni Ewemi Oshiu Appa Central Negroes Eastern Negroes Bolo Pure Nilotics Yako Shilluk Tangala Nuer Kali Dinka Mishi Jur (Diur) Doma Mittu Mosgu, including— Jibbeh Mandara Madi Margi Lendu Logon Alur (Lur) Gamergu Acholi Keribina Abaka Kuri Golo &c. Nilotics with affinity Nilotics with Affinity with Masai with Zandeh tribes Latuka Dor (Bongo) Bari NEGRO-BANTU NILOTIC-BANTU TRANSITIONAL TRANSITIONAL Bali Ba-Kwiri Ja-Luo Ba-Kossi Abo Ba-Ngwa Dualla Ba-Nyang Bassa PYGMY TRIBES Ngolo Ba-Noko Central Arica Ba-Fo Ba-Puko Akka Ba-Kundu Ba-Koko Ja-Mbute Isubu Ba-Bongo Ashango &c. BANTU NEGROIDS Western Central Eastern Ogowe Luba-Lunda Group Lacustrians Ashira Ba-Luba, including— Ba-Nyoro Ishogo Ba-Songe Ba-Toro Ashango Wa-Rua Wa-Siba Bakalai Wa-Guha Wa-Sinja Nkomi Katanga Wa-Kerewe Orungu Ba-Shilange (with Wa-Shashi Mpongwe Ba-Kete element) Wa-Rundi Oshekiani Ba-Iro Benga Ba-Lunda Ba-Ganda Ininga Probably connected Ba-Soga Galao are— Ba-Kavirondo, Apingi Manyema including— Okanda Ba-Kumu Awaware Osaka Wa-Regga Awarimi Aduma Ba-Rotse, including— Awakisii Mbamba Ma-Mbunda &c. Umbete Ma-Supia Bule Ma-Shukulumbwe Bane Ba-Tonga Bantu of Recent Yaunde and probably Immigration Maka Va-Lovale Bomone Wa-Kikuyu Kunabembe Tribes of the Congo Wa-Kamba Fang (recent immigrants bend Wa-Pokomo from the Congo group) Ba-Kessu Wa-Duruma Ba-Tetela Wa-Digo Ba-Songo Mino Wa-Giriama Ba-Kuba Wa-Taita Ba-Kongo, Ba-Lolo Wa-Nyatura including— Ba-Kuti Wa-Iramba Mushi-Kongo Ba-Mbala Wa-Mbugwe Mussorongo Ba-Huana Wa-Kaguru Kabinda Ba-Yaka Wa-Gogo { possible Ka-Kongo Ba-Pindi Wa-Chaga { Masai Ba-Vili Ba-Kwese { element Ma-Yumbe &c. Ba-Lumbo Older Bantu Ba-Sundi Tribes of the Congo Wa-Nyamwezi, Ba-Bwende bank including— Ba-Lali Wa-Genia Wa-Sukuma }Trans- Ba-Kunya Ba-Soko Wa-Sumbwa }itional Ba-Poto Wa-Nyanyembe }to Mobali Wa-Jui }Bantu Mogwandi Wa-Kimbu }of Na-Ngala{ Connected Wa-Kanongo }recent Ba-Bangi{ with Zandeh Wa-Wende }immi- { group }gration Wa-Buma Ba-Nunu Wa-Gunda Ba-Loi Wa-Guru Ba-Teke Wa-Galla Wa-Pfuru Wa-Sambara Wa-Mbundu Wa-Seguha Wa-Mfumu Wa-Nguru Ba-Nsinik Wa-Sagara Ma-Wumba Wa-Doe Ma-Yakalia Wa-Khutu &c Wa-Sarmo Wa-Hehe TRANSITIONAL Wa-Bena FROM CENTRAL Wa-Sanga TO SOUTHERN Wa-Swahili (with Arab BANTU elements) Amoela Connected are— Ganguela Wa-Kisi Kioko Wa-Mpoto } Minungo Ba-Tonga } Imbangala Ba-Tumbuka } Ba-Achinji Wa-Nyika } Golo Wa-Nyamwanga } Akin to Hollo A-Mambwe } Luba- &c. Wa-Fipa } Lunda Mbunda peoples, Wa-Rungu } group including— A-Wemba } Bihe A-Chewa } Dembo A-Maravi } Mbaka Ba-Senga } Ngola Ba-Bisa } Bondo A-Jawa (Yaos) Ba-Ngala Wa-Mwera Songo Wa-Gindo Haku Ma-Konde Lubolo Ma-Wia Kisama Ma-Nganja &c. Ma-Kua SOUTHERN BANTU (South and South-East Africa) Ba-Nyai } Ama-Zulu, including— Ma-Kalanga, } Affinity Ama-Swazi including } with Ama-Tonga Mashona } Bechuana Matabele Ba-Ronga } Angoni Ba-Chuana, Ma-Gwangwara including— Ma-Huhu Ba-Tlapin Ma-Viti Ba-Rolong Ma-Situ Ba-Ratlou Ma-Henge Ba-Taung &c. Ba-Rapulana Ama-Xosa, including— Ba-Seleka Ama-Gcaleka Ba-Hurutsi Ama-Hahebe Ba-Tlaru Ama-Ngqika Ba-Mangwato Ama-Tembu Ba-Tauana Ama-Pondo Ba-Ngwaketse &c. Ba-Kuena Ova-Herero &c. Ova-Mpo HAMITO-BANTU BUSHMEN BUSHMEN TRANSITIONAL Hottentots, } including— } S. W. Namaqua } Africa Koranna } TRIBES IN MADAGASCAR MALAYO-INDONESIANS BANTU-NEGROIDS Hova Sakalava, including— Betsileo (slight Bantu admixture) Menabe Milaka HOVA-BANTU Ronandra TRANSITIONAL Mahafali &c. Malagasy, including— Bestimisaraka Antanosi Antambahoaka Antsihanaka Antaimoro Antanala Antaifasina Antaisara Antaisaka &c. IV. HISTORY The origin and meaning of the name of the continent are discussed elsewhere (see AFRICA, ROMAN.) The word Africa was applied originally to the country in the immediate neighbourhood of Carthage, that part of the continent first known to the Romans, and it was subsequently extended with their increasing knowledge, till it came at last to include all that they knew of the continent. The Arabs still confine the name Ifrikia to the territory of Tunisia. Phoenician and Greek colonization. The valley of the lower Nile was the home in remotest antiquity of a civilized race. Egyptian culture had, however, remarkably little direct influence on the rest of the continent, a result due in large measure to the fact that Egypt is shut off landwards by immense deserts. If ancient Egypt and Ethiopia (q.v.) be excluded, the story of Africa is largely a record of the doings of its Asiatic and European conquerors and colonizers, Abyssinia being the only state which throughout historic times has maintained its independence. The countries bordering the Mediterranean were first exploited by the Phoenicians, whose earliest settlements were made before 1000 B.C. Carthage, founded about 800 B.C., speedily grew into a city without rival in the Mediterranean, and the Phoenicians, subduing the Berber tribes, who then as now formed the bulk of the population, became masters of all the habitable region of North Africa west of the Great Syrtis, and found in commerce a source of immense prosperity. Both Egyptians and Carthaginians made attempts to reach the unknown parts of the continent by sea. Herodotus relates that an expedition under Phoenician navigators, employed by Necho, king of Egypt, c. 600 B.C., circumnavigated Africa from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean, a voyage stated to have been accomplished in three years. Apart from the reported circumnavigation of the continent, the west coast was well known to the Phoenicians as far as Cape Nun, and c. 520 B.C. Hanno, a Carthaginian, explored the coast as far, perhaps, as the Bight of Benin, certainly as far as Sierra Leone. A vague knowledge of the Niger regions was also possessed by the Phoenicians. Meantime the first European colonists had planted themselves in Africa. At the point where the continent approaches nearest the Greek islands, Страницы: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 |
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